What is Rabbie Burns Day?
Rabbie Burns Day is another name for Burns Night which is celebrated in Scotland on January 25th. Burns Night takes place on the anniversary of his birthday. The first celebration in honour of Burns was held by his friends on the 5th anniversary of his death – July 21st 1801. They vowed to celebrate each year on the anniversary of his death, but the traditional Rabbie Burns Day was later moved to January 25th – the anniversary of his birth.
Now when people talk about Rabbie Burns Day they are most likely talking about the date in January, although some parts of Scotland, particularly those associated with his life or works, do commemorate the anniversary of his death on July 21st.
Who was Robert Burns?
Robert (Rabbie) Burns is probably Scotland’s most famous writer. Despite his relatively short life (he was only 37 when he died), he is regarded as Scotland’s national poet. Burns is known for works such as “Auld Lang Syne” and “Tam o’Shanter”, but he wrote or collected over 550 poems and traditional songs during the course of his life.
Burns’s works, written in both English and Scots dialect, reflect themes of love, nature, and social justice. His work reflects his deep connection to Scottish culture, nature, and the common man. Burns’s ability to capture the nature of the human experience in poetic form have earned him enduring popularity.
His status as a Scottish icon also reflects the importance of his work against a backdrop of social changes taking place in Scotland at the time of his writing. Since the Union with England in 1603, Scottish Gaelic and Scottish dialects had slipped into decline. English was seen as a more genteel and cultured language. By writing in Scots alongside English, Burns celebrated the Scottish language and culture and secured for Scotland its place in the worldwide literary canon.
Life & Work of Robert Burns
Early Years and Hardship
Robert “Rabbie” Burns was born on January 25, 1759, in the village of Alloway, Ayrshire. The son of a struggling gardener turned farmer, William Burns, Robert Burns experienced the harsh realities of rural life during his childhood. Whilst he worked hard on the family farm from an early age, his parents made sure he received some kind of education. He learnt the three Rs, French and Scripture. He also learnt a vast repertoire of traditional songs and stories from his mother, Agnes.
The young Rabbie was an avid reader and his insatiable thirst for knowledge led him to immerse himself in the works of Shakespeare, Milton, and Dryden. He was also influenced by other prominent Scottish thinkers of the time such as Adam Smith. Burns came to poetry at an early age and would compose verses as he worked alongside his family in the fields.
After his father’s died in 1784 – penniless despite his years of backbreaking work – Burns’s work developed a more satirical edge and he continued to be critical of perceived injustice and inhumanity throughout his career. Alongside a love of Scotland, its culture and spirit, Burns’ work often reflected themes of freedom and social justice .
Burns’s poetry was not confined to the political landscape. It also delved into the complexities of human relationships. His love songs, such as “Ae Fond Kiss” and “My Love is Like a Red, Red Rose,” are poignant expressions of love’s joys and sorrows. In “Ae Fond Kiss,” Burns encapsulates the pain of parting with a loved one.
Kilmarnock Edition and Literary Stardom
After his father’s death Burns continued to work the family farm alongside his brother but with little success. He also had a rather tumultuous personal life, something that continued throughout his short life. In an effort to raise money to move to Jamaica after making a local girl pregnant, he published his first volume of poetry in July 1786 in Kilmarnock. This was a turning point in his literary career. The volume, “Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect” which included masterpieces like “To a Mouse” and “The Cotter’s Saturday Night,” was an instant literary success. He moved to Edinburgh and with his good looks, wit and charm, became a darling of literary society there. In 1787 he published an Edinburgh edition of the collection.
Scottish Traditional Songs
Whilst in Edinburgh he met another enthusiast for traditional Scottish songs and folk music, James Johnson. Together they embarked on a project to preserve these traditional songs as a collection. The collection, known as The Scots Musical Museum, preserved 600 songs and pieces of music in 6 volumes published between 1787 and 1803. In addition to collecting old songs, Burns also wrote new words to old songs.The collection became internationally popular with some of the songs being arranged by famous classical composers such as Beethoven.
With the exception of his verse “Tam O’Shanter”, music and songs became his primary focus for the rest of his career. He also collaborated with George Thomson to publish classical arrangements of Scottish songs, “A Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs”.
Later years of Robert Burns
Robert Burns spent some years touring Scotland to capture, rescue and record its culture and traditional songs. He travelled first to the Borders and then to central Scotland and the Highlands. Eventually he settled with his family at a farm in Ellisland, Dumfriesshire in 1788. However, the farm did not prosper and lack of funds meant that, despite his radical beliefs, he was eventually forced to take employment as an Excise officer, moving to Dumfries with his family in 1791.
However, ill health took its toll on Burns and he died only 5 years later in 1796 at the age of 37. He was buried on 25th July 1796 in St Michael’s Churchyard in Dumfries. Initially, he had just a simple stone to mark his grave, but his body was later moved in 1817, with that of his wife, to a mausoleum in a more prominent position. This followed an international fundraising campaign whose donors included Sir Walter Scott.
How is Rabbie Burns Day Celebrated?
Rabbie Burns Day is traditionally celebrated across Scotland with a Burns Night Supper. These tend to be lively affairs where people take part in traditional customs and rituals. A Burns Supper will usually involve a feast of Haggis, Neeps and Tatties with poetry recitations, songs and various rituals including the ceremonial addressing of the haggis.
Burns Night Traditions
Here are some of the traditions you are likely to experience at a Burns Night Supper.
Piping in of the Guests
If you go to a formal Burns Supper, guests usually arrive to the sound of a piper’s bagpipes.
The Selkirk Grace
Before the meal, attendees say the Selkirk Grace expressing gratitude for the meal. This prayer has been attributed to Rabbie Burns.
“Some hae meat an canna eat,
And some wad eat that want it;
But we hae meat, and we can eat,
And sae let the Lord be thankit.”
Burns Night Feast
Invariably you will be served haggis, neeps and tatties at a meal to celebrate Rabbie Burns Day. Haggis is a traditional Scottish dish made of minced sheep’s offal, suet, and oats, seasoned and cooked in a sheep’s stomach. It is served with neeps (turnips) and tatties (potatoes).
Piping in the Haggis
The haggis will make a dramatic entrance to the supper often accompanied by bagpipes. Someone will then recite Burns’s famous poem, “Address to a Haggis.”
“Fair fa’ your honest, sonsie face,
Great chieftain o the puddin’-race!”
Poetry Readings and Songs
During the Burns Night Supper there will be recitations and reflections of the poet’s verses and renditions of his songs. Burns Suppers will usually involve traditional customs such as the Toast to the Lassies. This is a light-hearted tribute to women and is followed by The Response or A Toast to the Laddies.
Auld Lang Syne
The evening will with a rendition of one of Rabbie Burns most famous works, “Auld Lang Syne.”
When was the first Burns Night?
The first Burns Supper took place at Burns Cottage in Alloway in July 1801, the fifth anniversary of his death. A group of his friends decided to mark the 5th anniversary of his death by telling stories about him, quoting from his work and raising a toast. On the menu was sheep’s head and haggis.
They enjoyed the occasion so much they decided to repeat the occasion the next year, this time on his birthday instead. However, the second year they got the date wrong and the Supper took place on the 29th. It wasn’t until 1803 that the first Burns Supper took place on January 25th.
The Greenock Ayrshire Society began to organise an annual Burns Supper. In 1815, Sir Walter Scott organised a grand Burns Supper in Edinburgh. Eventually the tradition spread throughout Scotland and across the world.
Places Associated with Burns Life and Work
Rabbie Burns Day
The natural beauty of Scotland was undoubtedly an inspiration for Robert Burns. If you want to do something different to mark Rabbie Burns Day, why not take a journey through Scotland to see the places where he lived, wrote, and drew inspiration for his work? Here are some of the most significant locations associated with Robert Burns.
Alloway, Ayr
Where else to begin but Alloway, the birthplace of Robert Burns? Burns spent his formative years in this small village near Ayr. The surrounding landscape, including the Brig o’ Doon, features prominently in Burns’s work, notably in the narrative poem “Tam o’ Shanter.” Those interested in Burns’ work should visit Alloway to experience a tangible connection to his words.
Burns Birthplace Museum
The thatched cottage where Burns was born still stands, preserved as a museum. The cottage is linked to the main museum site by “The Poet’s Path, ” an attractive path decorated with ironwork that celebrates some of his most famous works. The Burns Birthplace Museum is a comprehensive tribute to the poet’s life and legacy. On a self-guided tour, you will see Burns’s personal belongings and original manuscripts and engage with interactive exhibits, allowing you to explore his work. Whilst you are there, visit the Burns Monument and Gardens, from where you can view the surrounding countryside that inspired his early work.
Lochlea Distillery
Burns called Lochlea his home throughout his formative years, from 1777 until his father’s death in 1784. There is now a distillery on the site of the Burns’ family farm. You will find Lochlea served at many Burns Night Suppers because of the connection with Burns. The distillery is not open to visitors, but you can buy a bottle of Lochlea whisky from one of their UK or international Lochlea whisky stockists.
Brig o’Doon
The Brig o’ Doon, a picturesque 15th century bridge spanning the River Doon, is immortalised in Burns’s poem “Tam o’ Shanter.” as the bridge across which he fled on horseback from witches and warlocks.
Kilmarnock
Burns Monument Centre
Burns published his first collection of poems in Kilmarnock, which has become known as the Kilmarnock Edition. In 1877, a public meeting was held in Kilmarnock, at which attendees agreed to erect a statue to the poet at a suitable place in Kilmarnock. The committee appointed to carry out this task appealed to the public for funds and collected £2488 in 18 months.
The original plan was extended to include an ornamental building and museum. Robert Ingram, an architect from Kilmarnock, designed the building, and W. G. Stevenson, a sculptor from Edinburgh, won the competition to create the statue. The statue was unveiled on 9 August 1879. Unfortunately, a fire in November 2004 destroyed much of the building, but the statue has been restored and has since been returned to the Burns Monument Centre.
Edinburgh
Burns moved to Edinburgh in 1786 after the success of his first volume of poems. He soon became part of Edinburgh’s literary society. He went on to publish an Edinburgh edition at the print shop of William Smellie in Anchor Close. Anchor Close was also home to a bawdy club of which Burns was a member called the Crochallan Fencibles. This was where he met Johnson, his collaborator on The Scots Musical Museum.
Canongate Kirkyard
A fellow Scottish poet, Robert Fergusson, who wrote in Scots, was a huge inspiration to Burns. Fergusson died at just 24, a pauper in the Bedlam asylum in Edinburgh. He was buried in an unmarked grave in the Canongate Kirkyard. Although never a rich man, Burns paid for an elaborate headstone to honour Fergusson.
Burns Monument
There are monuments to Burns all over the world. But which better to visit than the one in the city that made him famous. You can visit Edinburgh’s magnificent neo-Classical monument to Burns at the foot of Calton Hill.
Writers Museum
Nearby, explore more about his work and that of the two other Scottish literary giants, Walter Scott and Robert Louis Stevenson, at the Writers Museum. Entry is free.
The Highlands
“My heart’s in the Highlands, my heart is not here,
My heart’s in the Highlands, a-chasing the deer;
Chasing the wild-deer, and following the roe,
My heart’s in the Highlands, wherever I go.”
Burns travelled extensively throughout the Highlands collecting songs. You can follow Burns’ entire journey through the Highlands on a map of Burns’ travels through the Highlands created by Professor Nigel Leask at the University of Glasgow.
Culloden
Burns wrote the poem “The Luvely Lass o’Inverness” after visiting the site of the famous battle and reflecting on the loss of life that took place there.
“The luvely Lass o’ Inverness,
Nae joy nor pleasure can she see;
For, e’en and morn she cries, Alas!
And aye the saut tear blins her e’e.
Drumossie moor, Drumossie day,
A waefu’ day it was to me;
For there I lost my father dear,
My father dear and brethren three.”
Fall of Foyers, Loch Ness
Robert Burns visited the Falls of Foyers in 1787 and, inspired by its beauty, wrote the poem, “Lines On The Fall Of Fyers Near Loch-Ness.” Retrace his steps along the banks of Loch Ness and see what inspired him.
“Among the heathy hills and ragged woods
The roaring Fyers pours his mossy floods;
Till full, he dashes on the rocky mounds,
Where, thro’ a shapeless breach, his stream resounds”
Stirling
In 1787 Robert Burns visited the ‘Gateway to the Highlands’. After a visit to Stirling Castle he returned to his hotel, Wingages Inn, where he etched the now famous Stirling Lines into the window. The ten line poem criticised the decline of Stirling’s power since the time of the Stewart Monarchs. As the poem was critical of the current monarchy and the Crown employed him as an excise officer, he had to return after his visit and smash the window to destroy the evidence.
In & Around Dumfries
Follow the Footsteps of Burns Trail which showcases the last period of Burns’ life – in and around Dumfries.
Ellisland Farm
Visit Ellisland Farm, on the banks of the River Nith, where Robert Burns lived with his wife Jean Armour and their children for three years. The scenic beauty of Ellisland inspired some of his finest works, including “Tam o’ Shanter” and “Auld Lang Syne.” It’s a great place to visit to get a sense of Burns’s life, as the house has been beautifully preserved, and you can retrace his footsteps along the woodland and riverside paths that inspired him.
The Burns House
Down the appropriately named Burns Street (previously Mill Street) you’ll find the home Burns lived in with his family in the last three years of his life. The house is furnished with some of his furniture, including the desk at which he wrote, some of his personal belongings and original letters and manuscripts.
The Globe Inn
The Globe Inn, a historic pub in the heart of Dumfries, was a favourite haunt of the poet. He worked, entertained and slept there, even having an affair with one of the serving maids. Today, you can enjoy a pint in the same room where Burns once penned verses. You can even sit in the chair he used when writing. However, if you do, be prepared to recite from his work. If you don’t, custome dictates that you’re obliged to buy a round of drinks for the whole pub. Guided tours of the Globe are available four times a day.
Robert Burns Centre
This excellent museum, housed in an 18th-century watermill, houses an extensive collection of Burns artefacts and manuscripts. It also has film and audio exhibits of performances of his poems and songs.
Robert Burns Mausoleum
Located in St. Michael’s Churchyard in Dumfries, Robert Burns’s Mausoleum is the final resting place of the beloved poet. The simple and dignified structure of the mausoleum reflects the reverence in which Burns is held. The epitaph inscribed on the mausoleum was composed by Burns himself.
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